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LiteratureReview

1.BriefIntroductionofecologicalliterature

Inthelate20thcentury,thewesterntheoryof"ecologicalculture"and"ecologicalcriticism"gainsmoreandmoreattentionanddevelopsgraduallytothethewholeworld,becomingonenewliterarytheoryresearchmethodofinterdisciplinary.Whyisitbecomingincreasinglypopular?InWangYuechuans(2009)words,Increasedculturalgapandconsumerismofmodernitymakeshumanencountersthecrisisofmodernity---humannaturalecologycrisisandpsychicecologycrisis,thencomestoborntheecologicaltheorythatabsorbsnutritionfromtheeasternharmoniousthoughts.Thepursuitofefficiencyandthereconstructionofnaturehaveledtomanydisasters,whichinturndestroythelivingenvironmentofhumanbeingsaswellasourspiritualhome.Withtherealityofnaturalecologicalandhumanspiritualcrisis,ecologicalculturearisesattherighthistoricmoment,andincreasingwritersstandouttocallpeoplesattentioninadocumentedform.

Theword"ecology",isderivedfromtheGreekwordoicos(house/residence).ItfirstappearedinGerman,namelydieOkologie,inEnglishistheecology.Ecologismdoesnotemergesuddenly,butiscloselyassociatedwithromanticmovementinthe18th-century.In1858theAmericanwriterThoreauIllustratedinWaldentheconceptthatthehumanandthenatureshouldbeinharmony.Hewasagainstthehustleandbustleofcityfromecologicalbalanceperspective,andpraisedthethenaturalworldofwoodsandstreams.

Whatkindsofliteraturecanbecalledecologicalliterature?OneofthepioneersofChineseecologicalliteratureresearchWangNuo(2003)definedtheecologicalliteratureas:theecologicalliteratureisbasedonecologicalholism,investigatingtheinterestsofthewholeecosystemasthehighestvalue,expressingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandnatureandexploringthesocialrootofecologycrisis.Theconcisedefinitionis:theecologicalliteratureisliteraturethatreflectstherelationshipbetweenecologicalenvironmentandhumansocietydevelopment.

Theecologicalliteratureconcentratesontheharmonyofmanandnature,andadvocatesnaturalismwhileagainstanthropocentrism.Itsliterarycharacteristicistoputthenature-orientedliteratureandthepeople-orientedliteraturetogetherfromthestartingpointofecologicalthoughtandperspective.ProfessorBuellfromHarvardUniversitybelievesthatecologicalLiteratureis"writtenfortheworldindanger.Ecologicalliteraturealarmstheredlightforthumantopreventtheecologicaldisasters.Itrepresentsthewritersseriousattentiontoandinfiniteworriesforthefateoftheearthinthisageofglobalization,aswellastheecologyvalueintrospectionwhenhumanconfrontingtheworldcrisis.

2.ConnotationofAmericanecologicalliterature

Americanecologicalliteratureplaysasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofecologyandecocriticism.Manywriterscontributealottotheprogressofecologystudyintheformofwrittenliterature,suchasEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,HemingwayandEdwardAbbey,etc.Inthisessay,Iwillusetheecocriticismtheorytocomparetworepresentativeworksofecologicalliterature,theWaldenandtheDesertSolitairetocharacterizetheevolutionofAmericanecologicalliteratureconnotation.

2.1TheoriginofthoughtsofAmericanecologicalliterature

IttakestootintheIndianplainecologicalthoughts.ThevoiceoftheIndiansisanintegralpartofAmericanliterature,withoutwhich,therewouldbenorealAmericanliterature.Throughfeelingthelandofmountainsandrivers,Indianancestorstrytoshapeitwithlanguageandpassitalongfrommouthtomouth,andthisisthebeginningofAmericanliterature.Indiansbelieve"animism"andtheyworshipnature,fromeverytreeandbushtoeverymountainandstoneroundthem.Theythinkthathumansrosefromsmallholesintheground"andslowlylearnedhowtoliveinharmonywithnature.Everythingintheworldiscloselylinkedwitheachother.TheIndianmythscontainthemostbasicandsimpleecologicalconcept.AlthoughtheIndianliteratureisinoralform,peoplegraduallyattachmoreattentiontoit,whichbringsinfluencetotheAmericanliteratureandecologicalthoughtstosomeextent.