毕业论文课题相关文献综述

1. Previous studies on Love in The Time of Cholera

Love in The Time of Cholera was first published in Spanish in 1985. Alfred A. Knopf published an English translation in 1988, and an English-language movie adaptation was released in 2007. Till 2012, China introduced the copyright and this novel was familiar to many Chinese readers. This novel caused great repercussions with its publication. New York Times regarded this shining and heartbreaking novel as one of the greatest love stories in the world. Der Spiegel critiqued that Mrquezs put love into salvation grace, a great power to make life significative. Such an attractive novel also arouses many scholars interest and many academic articles were published in which two perspectives gain more attention: thematic analysis and characterization.

Quite a few scholars show great interest in thematic analysis, especially the relationship between love and death. Wang Ying (2013) thinks the description of different love does not only mean the way to death but also shows us the deep and pure love to life. Zhang Rui (2013) classifies the theme into three aspects, cholera and love, loyalty and treachery, life and death. By analyzing the theme, what can be concluded is that love is cholera in the life and the connection between love, life and death is different for everyone. For Florentino, love coexists with life. He can die for love when he was young and also he can vanquish the death for love. While on the contrary, Urbino does not have the courage to take the responsibility for love. Throughout the article, Zhang suggests that love is equal to death to some extent. Tan Qingyan (2009) also presents such an opinion. She makes an analysis on the different love and death in the novel to explore the underneath reasons, the social isolation. Tan also makes a comparative analysis of Florentinos insistence in love and Doctor Urbinos cowardice in love. The distinct comparing and other types of love in the novel draw forth the underneath reason. All the people who pursue love is yearning for life and the love is a kind of abreaction to the social isolation. The meaning of love and death is really a subject worth to study, while Raj Gaurav Verma (2013) gives another aspect in the thematic analysis. He studies the exhibition of the magic realism in the novel and shows us the principle line about the love between Fermina and Florentino. He shows us that without love all is futile, for neither Fermina in her loveless marriage nor Florentino in his loveless sex could find essence, an essence which could give meaning to their acts. At the end both of them accept each other. Thats where the life begins.

Some scholars focus on the Characters, especially the three main characters. Zhu Xishi and Qi Shuqin (2013) studied from the perspective of feminism on Fermina. Through the marriage of Fermina, we can get a view of the weaknesses of human beings which are closely connected with social relationships. Facing the brutality of reality, love is sacrificed. Nobertus Riko Juni Andro (2013) makes a exploration on Florentino with psychological approach and self-actualization approach. He reveals how Florentino Ariza can achieve his self actualization within his loneliness. When Florentino failed in his first pure love, he felt lonely. For getting grid of such loneliness, he had sex with 622 women. However, what he needs is not only the physiological satisfaction but also the psychological one. Zhang Huiyun (2006) pays more attention to Florentino. She gives a view from psychoanalysis and analyzes Florentino from Id, ego and superego to show us how Florentino can keep a perfect figure in public while he has a mussy relationship with 622 women on the sly. At the same time, he can also keep a pure place in his heart for his first lover. Such ambivalent behaviors demonstrate that what the love means to Florentino.

For this novel with the background of cholera and the other main character is a doctor, so some scholars choose to analyze the illnesses in the novel, for example, Charles L. Briggs studies how Dr. Juvenal Urbino fight with death and keep himself healthy. Some other scholars compare the symptoms of cholera to the process of love.

2. Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis has received criticism from a wide variety of sources. Many scholars regard it as a pseudoscience. However, till now, the psychoanalysis is still used widely in literature, philosophy and psychology. The wikipedia defines that Freudian psychoanalysis refers to a specific type of treatment in which the analytic patient verbally expresses his thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst induces the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems, and interprets them for the patient to create insight for resolution of the problems. Through the analysis of conflicts, including those contributing to resistance and those involving transference onto the analyst of distorted reactions, psychoanalytic treatment can hypothesize how unconsciously patients are their own worst enemies: how unconscious, symbolic reactions that have been stimulated by experience are causing symptoms. Psychoanalysis has received criticism from a wide variety of sources. In literature, the theories which are widely used include Topographic theory, Structural theory and the Oedipus complex. As the main technique used in analyzing Florentino, Structural theory is the key to the deep understanding of the psychological changes and underneath impetus of these changes.

Structural theory divides the psyche into the id, the ego, and the super-ego. The id is present at birth as the repository of basic instincts, which Freud called "Triebe": unorganized and unconscious. It operates merely on the 'pleasure principle', without realism or foresight. The ego develops slowly and gradually, being concerned with mediating between the urgings of the id and the realities of the external world; it thus operates on the 'reality principle'. The super-ego is held to be the part of the ego in which self-observation, self-criticism and other reflective and judgmental faculties develop. The ego and the super-ego are both partly conscious and partly unconscious.

In different novel, the structural theory can be manifested in different ways. In some stories, the three things are distributed into three kinds of person. In analyzing A Rose for Emily, Emily represents the id, Emilys cousins and the new aldermen stand for superego and the citizens in the town are the symbol of ego. The three restrict each other to make the town in peace.

The id, ego and superego also can be manifested in another way. In other stories, this three gradations of psyche are concentrated in one main character. By analyzing the three parts of psyche, we can make out the mental struggle of the character. For example, in Love in the Time of Cholera, at the first period, Florentinos love to Fermina is impelled by id. With the instinctive desire, Florentino shows his love as mad as a hatter and he cannot control himself to do anything stupid to fantasy his lover. This shows us the strength of id and tells us that id also has two different parts, rational and irrational. Rational part prompts Florentino to discover love, while the irrational part lures him to drink perfume and eat flowers to fantasy the smell of his lover. Afterwards, Fermina Daza terminates the connection with Florentino and gets married with Dr. Urbino. In the next few decades, Florentino always experiences the struggle of id, ego and superego. He captures all kinds of women but at the same time, he still keeps a good reputation in the town. On the one hand, Florentino indulges his id to make merry, on the other hand, he is also affected by his ego, which is the suppression by superego to id, so he can be cautious in public to maintain his good image. Throughout the half centurys love, Florentino experiences too much struggle of the superego and id. Therefore, it is of vital importance to conduct a psychoanalysis on Florentino in Love in The Time of Cholera. By making out the changes of Florentinos mind, the study hopes much more attention should be paid to the issues of pure love and figure out the patience and insistence in love.