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LiteratureReview

Walden,publishedin1854,isaproductofThoreaustwo-yearexperimentatWaldenPond.Thisbookdescribeshissimplewayoflife,alongwithhisintimatecommunionwithnatureandhismeditationsonnature,humanbeing,society,aswellastherelationshipamongthem.Thoreausmainpurposeofwritingthisbookistotellpeoplehowtoenjoysimplelife,howtokeepaharmoniousrelationshipwithnature.WaldenisalsoagreatTranscendentalistworkthatcameoutunderdiscussionatthattime,butbytheturnoftwentiethcentury,ithadbeguntoberecognizedasonethatcanstrictlybecalledaclassic,oratleastaprobableclassic(Buell,1995).Waldenhasbeenhonoredasaclassicforenvironmentalists,naturemystics,andadvocatesofthesimplelife,whileembodyingoneaspectofthetranscendentalistdoctrine.IthasmorethanoncebeenratedasnumberoneinthetengreatestbooksthathavecontributedtoshapingtheAmericanmindbythemagazineAmericanHeritage.

InTheShoresofAmerica:ThoreausInwardExploration(1958)ShermanPaulgaveWaldenthekindoflong,closereadingtheNewCriticismhadintroducedintoAmericanliteraryscholarship.ArguingthatWaldenisafableoftherenewaloflife,PaulfirstlocateditintheTranscendentalistsrevoltagainsttheeighteenth-centurymechanisticuniverseandintheEmersonianneedtostandinanoriginalrelationshiptotheuniverse.Hethenguidedthereaderthroughthebook,definingwhatThoreaumeantbysimplicityandeconomy,andopenupthemajorsymbols-thehouse,thebeanfield,theanimals,theponds,andthemeltingclayintherailroadcut.ForPaulWaldenistheseedoftheorganictraditioninAmericanartandculture,whathecalledthegreentradition.TheShoresofAmericanwasnotonlyimportanttolaterreadersofWalden;itmadeWaldenastartingpointforPaulsownextensiveworks.

R.W.B.Lewis,inTheAmericanAdam(1965),usedThoreauatWaldenastheveryidealoftherebornnewAmericanman.ReferringnotjusttotheAdamicmyth,LewispointedoutThoreausmanyritesandfablesoftherejectionofconvention,age,andmeaninglesstraditioninfavorofthenatural,thefresh,theindividual,andthetrue.

Afterthemid-1990s,someimportantresearchmonographsonecocriticismwerepublishedinAmerica,suchas,theEcocritismReader:LandmarksinLiteraryEcologycollaboratedbyCheryllGlotfelty,HaroldFrommandJonathanBatesRomanticEcology:WordsworthandEnvironmentalTradition,RebeccaStefoffsTheAmericanEnvironmentalMovement,andChristopherBelshawsEnvironmentalPhilosophy:Reason,Nature,andHumanConcern,whichpointsoutthatThoreauistodayconsideredasthefirstmajorinterpreterofnatureinAmericaliteraryhistory,andthefirstAmericanenvironmentalistsaint.

Atbeginningofthe21thcentury,LawrenceBuell,anAmericanecologicalliteraturecriticandHarvardprofessor,tookecologywarningliteratureasecologyenlightenmentliteratureinhisbooknamedTheEnvironmentalImagination:Thoreau,NaturalWriting,andtheFormationofAmericanCulture(2004).Hepointedoutparticularly:Thisisthemostpowerfulcoremetaphorinmodernenvironmentalimagination.

Notuntil1949wasWaldenintroducedintoChina.ItsfirstChineseversionwastranslatedbythefamousChinesewriterXuChi,whoregardeditasbothabookfulloflifewisdomandabookembodiedwithvividandbeautifuldescriptionaboutnature.AlotofChinesescholarshavedonetremendousresearchfromvariousperspectives.ThoreauvianstudyinChinamainlyfocusonhisideaaboutnatureandecology,andhislifephilosophy.

QuiteafewscholarsshowgreatinterestintheanalysisofThoreausNaturalism.YaoLanzhi(2010)makesaanalysisoftherangeohtheNaturalisminThoreausWalden.Yaoexplores,fromseveralaspects,Thoreausself-probingwithanaturalismstyleintonatureandlife.Hisstatementisthat:withitssustaininginfluenceonpeoplesthinkingmodeandlivingconceptinthemodernsociety,therangeofnaturalisminThoreausworkiswideandfarbeyondtheliterarygenre.LiXue(2012)inherpaperintendstogiveabriefanalysisoftheWaldenfromtheperspectivesofsimplicityandequalitybyusingecocriticismandalsoshegivesherpersonalunderstandingoftheecologicalthoughtsembodiedinWalden.Fromtheaspectofecocriticism,weknowthatifhumanbeingsrespectandtreatnatureequally,naturewillrewardusbyprovidingthenecessitiesoflife;ifhumanbeingsdemandtoomuchfromnature,naturewillinturnpunishusseverely.MaYun(2013)attachesimportancetoHenryDavidThoreau'sspiritualworldfromtheaspectsofNature,LifeatWaldenPondandFreedom,whichconductsthatThoreau'sWaldenPondisnotonlyahabitatforlife,butalsohisspiritualparadise.Inthehustleandbustleoftheworld,heobtainedaquietandsecludedplace.Hissimplewisdomandthenaturallifefullofindependenceandfreedomwillalwayscomfortus.

Fromtheabove,itcanbeinferredthatNaturalismbyThoreauhasbecomeasympatheticunderstandingwhichnotonlyistheexpressionofhumanenvironmentalidealinhumanliterature,butalsothepredictionandwarningofecologicaldisastersinthefuture.Inhisbook,theconnotationofecologicalaestheticshasthetranscendentalismcharmintherecordingofseasonsandanimalsanddescriptionofplanting,farmsteadandlakescenery.WhatmakespeoplethinkmoreprofoundlyisthenarrationinWalden,whichcausesustothinkaboutecologicalaestheticsthatareultimatelytheproblemsofhumanexistencesincehumanbeingsmustsurviveinthenaturalenvironmentalfirstofall.Today,thenaturalecologicalaestheticsbroughtbyThoreaucontrastswiththeenvironmentalresourcesbroughtbyanthropocentrism,andleadspeopletothinkaboutthemajorreasonforthedeteriorationofhumanexistentialenvironment.MaybefromthestandpointofNaturalism,themostimportantthingforpeopleisnottechnologyormaterials,butanon-anthropocentricandco-existentialattitudetowardsnaturalenvironmentandaharmoniousandco-promotingrelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandenvironment.Itisactuallyanaestheticattitudetowardsnaturalenvironment.TheoriginalpurposeofWaldenwastocreateahappyspiritualhomelandandobtainemotionalcomfortandspiritualsublimation.