毕业论文课题相关文献综述

1.Introduction 1.1Researchbackground ErnestMillerHemingway(1899-1961)wasoneofthemostoutstandingnovelist,short-storywriterandjournalistinAmericanhistory.Hewasbornintoawell-educatedfamilyasthesecondkidandthefirstson.Hisfatherwasasuccessfulphysician,lovingfishingandhuntingandmother,amusicteacher.HemingwaybecameawardriverandgotinjuredinWorldWarI.HealsohuntedinAfricaandactedasawarcorrespondentinSpanishCivilWar.HevisitedChinaandsupportedtheAnti-JapaneseWar.Later,hebecameinvolvedwiththeexpatriateliteraryandartisticcirclesurroundingGertrudeSteinwhenhewasworkinginParisasacorrespondentfortheTorontoStar,Hisworksduringthe1920swererepresentativeoftheLostGeneration.ThenhesettledinCubain1945.AfterhisexpulsionfromCubabytheCastroregime,hemovedtoIdaho.Hewasincreasinglyplaguedbyillhealthandmentalproblems,andinJuly,1961,hecommittedsuicidebyshootinghimself.Allthesewarexperienceshadgreatinfluenceonhisworks.Hemingwaywasknowntofocushisnovelsoncodeheroeswhostrugglewiththemixtureoftheirtragicfaultsandthesurroundingenvironment. Hemingwayseconomicalandunderstatedstylehadastronginfluenceon20th-centuryfiction,whilehislifeofadventureinfluencedlatergenerations.Hepublishedsevennovels,sixshortstorycollections,twonon-fictionworksandsomeotherworkspublishedposthumously.ManyofhisworksareconsideredclassicsofAmericanliterature.HewroteTheOldManandtheSeain1951inCuba,whichwaspublishedin1952.ThestorycentereduponSantiago,anagingfishermanwhostruggledwithagiantmarlinfaroutintheGulfStream.HemingwaysaidthatitwasthebestIcanwriteeverforallofmylife(Desnoyers12).AfterreceivingthePulitzerPrizeforthisnovelinthesameyearofitspublication,HemingwaywasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954forhismasteryoftheartofnarrative,mostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea,andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle(TheNobelPrizeinLiterature1954). TheOldManandtheSeawasbasedonarealstory.Thestorywentthatinthelate1940s,uponreturnfromanearlymorningfishingtrip,Fuentes(Hemingwaysfriend)andHemingwaysawasmallboat10milesouttosea.HemingwayaskedFuentestoapproachthevesseltoseeiftheyneededhelp.Insidetheboatwereanoldmanandaboy.Asthevesselsclosed,theoldmanbeganyellingatthemwithinsultsindicatingthattheyhadscaredawaythefish.FuentesandHemingwaylookedateachotherinsurprise.Justthesame,HemingwayaskedFuentestolowerthemsomefoodanddrinkswhiletheoldmanandtheboyglaredatthem.Withoutanotherwordexchanged,thetwoboatspartedways.AccordingtoFuentes,Hemingwaybeganimmediatelytowriteinhisnotebookandlateraskedhimtofindtheoldman.ButheneverwasabletofindthefishermanthathadmadesuchanimpressiononHemingway.AfewyearsafterTheOldManandtheSeawaspublished,residentsofCojimarbelievedthattheoldfishermanthatFuentesandHemingwayranintoatseawasahumblelocalfishermantheycalledelviejoMiguel;somedescribedhisphysicalappearanceasawirySpencerTracy. ThemajorfigureinTheOldManandtheSeawasaweather-beatenoldfishermanwhohadnogaininCubainconsecutive84days,butstillwentontofishingonthe85thdayandfinallycaughtabigmarlin.However,onhiswayhome,heencounteredalargesharkofthesiege.TheoldmanSantiagorushed,withathree-daybattlewithsharks,andfinallyhereturnedtoshorewhenheleftafishskeleton.Santiagosymbolizedbadluckinthestrugglewithsharks,buthedidnotyieldinthefaceofdoom.Althoughpeoplecanfailtemporarily,butthehumanspiritandwillareneverbeatable.Apersonisnotborntogivethebeat,youcanmakehimdestroyed,butIcouldnotbeathim.(TheOldManandtheSea89) 1.2Needforthestudy Practicallyspeaking,TheOldManandtheSeacanprovidenumerousinspirationsforthemoderngeneration.Hemingwayisgoodatexploringtheimageofcodeherointhathesuccessfullytellsastoryofanoldfishermanslongandlonelyjourneyofstrugglewithafishandthesea.Therefore,Santiagosfinalvictoryindefeatcanbereferredtobymoderngeneration,whoshouldknowwhattheyreallyaspireafterandtrytoseeksuccess,courageandself-value. Theoreticallyspeaking,thisheroismcangivescholarsmorehintsatstudyingTheOldManandtheSeafromnewresearchperspectives.Theymaypayattentiontothecorrelationsbetweenvictoryandfailureinacodehero.Lastbutnotleast,readerscanhaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofanewcodeheroimage. 2.Literaturereview 2.1PreviousstudiesonTheoldmanandthesea TheOldManandtheSeawasthebestamongHemingwayslifetimeworks,whichaimedtostopthedeclinereputationafterten-yearcoldreceptionandattack.Ithasalwaysbeentheobjectofresearchersfavor.Theoldmanstoughguyimageandinvinciblefightingspiritweresothoroughlyhitoffinthisnovelandbroughtastrongspiritualshock,whichhasbeentheexampleoflearners.Sincethen,alotofChinesescholarshavedonetremendousresearchfromtheirperspectives.Thereareabouttwoperspectivesonthetheme. QuiteafewscholarsshowtheirpraisetoSantiago.Theythinkthisoldmanisagreatheroandawinnerincompetingwithnature.Wulao(2012)makesmultilevelanalysisofthestoryplotinhisChineseversionTheOldManandtheSea.Heclaimsthatthisstoryisarepresentativeofheroismpaean.Inthenovel,theoldmanwasatdistinctdisadvantageatthebeginningbuthestilldidnotgiveup.Althoughheusedupallhisfishingtoolswhenfightingagainstthemarlinandsharks,hefinallywonwhateverinstruggleandresults.HuangYuanshen（2010）alsoshareshisideawithreadersinhistranslationthatSantiagoisagreatwinnerwhosespiritandqualitycanbeimpliedinhisappearancedescriptionTheoldmanwasthinandgaunt,withdeepwrinklesinthebackofhisneck.Thebrownblotchesofthebenevolentskincancerthesunbringsfromitsreflectiononthetropicseawereonhischeeks.Theblotchesranwelldownthesidesofhisfaceandhishandshadthedeepcreasedscarsfromhandlingheavyfishonthecords.Butnoneofthescarswerefresh.Theywereasoldaserosioninadesertwithoutasinglefish(TheOldManandtheSea5).Fromthesewords,wemayfeelsympathetictowardtheoldmanandthinkthatheistooweektocatchabigfish.ButEverythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheerfulandundefeated.(TheOldManandtheSea3).Inspiteofhisoldandweekappearance,hiseyesarenotstuffybutascheerfulastheyoungmenseyesthroughwhichwecanseehisunyieldingspirit.ThiscontrastclearlyshowsSantiagosrealpersonality.YuGuangzhong(2010）regardstheoldmanasawinnerfromvariousperspectives,oneofwhichisfromthelittleboyaccompanyingSantiago.ThefamousscholarYumentionsintheprefaceinhistranslationthattheimageofwinnerofSantiagocanbeseenfromthelittleboyseyes.Heanalyzesthatthedeadfishdebriswereeighteenincheslongfromnosetotailinthelittleboyseyes.Theboysighedwithfeelinghowgreattheoldmanwas.Whentheboysawthetoolsanddiscussedontheplansoffishing,healwayslookedatSantiagoinanworshipfulmind. However,somescholarsthoughtofSantiagoasaloser,whichisatragicfigure.HuTiEsheng(2010)claimsthatSantiagoisarepeatofGreekTragedians,whichrevealshowsmallandweakwhenhumanisinthefaceoffate.ThebrokenoldfishermanventuredfaroutintotheGulfStreamandtherehookedthebiggestmarlineverseeninthosewaters.Then,aloneandexhaustedbyhisstruggletoharpoonthegiantfish,hewasforcedintoalosingbattlewithmaraudingsharks.Theylefthimnothingbuttheskeletonofhiscatch.CaoJimin(1996）holdsthatSantiagoisaloser,whichinfactisthemartyrJesusChristinChristian.Heanalyzesthatinthisnovel,therearetwoscenesthattheoldmanwasbeencrucified.Thefirstonewaswhentheoldmancaughtthebigfishandittowedtheboatandhim.Thefeltpainwhentheropestrangledhisback.ThiswasametaphorthatJesusChristcarriedtheLatinCrossontheshouldertoCalvary.Thesecondwaswhenthesharksbegantoattack.Inthecourseofharpooningfishes,SantiagoshoutedAy,whichwasafeelingthatoneshandsseemedtobeprickedwithharpoons.Italsoametaphorthattheoldman,asaincarnation,wascrucifiedagain.Wulao(2010),thoughregardstheleadingcharacterasawinner,alsoanalyzesthenameofthehero.ThenameofSantiagooriginatedfromSpanish.SantiagowasoneoftheearliestfourdisciplesofJesus. 2.2Previousstudiesonheroism. Theconceptofheroism,likesomanyothers,isahigh-levelabstraction--itisprimarilyamoralconcept--andrequiresarationalphilosophicalsystem,includingtheprincipleofmind--bodyintegration,asitproperbase.However,heroismcomesfromhero.Aheroisapersonorcharacterinliteraturewho,inthefaceofdangerandadversityorfromapositionofweakness,displayscourageorself--sacrifice--thatisheroism--forsomegreatgood.Wemustnoticethefourcomponentsofheroism:moralgreatness,abilityandprowess,actioninthefaceofoppositionandtriumphinaspiritualform.Theheroisonewhoholdrationalvaluesandfightsforthem,ifnecessary,againsteveryconceivableformofopposition.Byitsnature,itisreservedforthemansetapartandfortheselectfewwhotowerabovetherest.Toattainthisstatus,onemustreachthepeakofhumanmorality--anunalterablecommitmenttorationalvalues,inaction,intheteethofoppositionthatwoulddismayalesserman.ArthurAshe(2011)onceexpressedhisideathattrueheroismwasremarkablysober,veryundramatic.Itwasnottheurgetosurpassallothersatwhatevercost,buttheurgetoserveothersatwhatevercost. WorksCited Cao,Jiming.[曹济民],试论硬汉子桑地亚哥.韶通师专学报，1996,(1):23-26. Chen,Lijaing.[陈丽江],《熊》及《老人与海》之主题比较.湖北师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2003,(02). Delberte,W.HemingwaysHeroes.NewMexico:UniversityofNewMexicoPress,1969. Desnoyers,MeganFloyd.ErnestHemingway:AStoryteller'sLegacy.TheCritical10October.2010:26-30. Dong,Juxia.[董菊霞],论《老人与海》中的桑提亚哥硬汉子精神象征.文学界(理论版),2012,(11). ErnestMiller,E.TheOldManandtheSea.Shanghai:ForeignLiterature,1997. Garlos,B.ErnestHemingway:ALifeStory.NewYork:TwaynePublishers,1969. Grey,B.TheOldManandtheSea----StoryofaCommonMan.NewYork:TwaynePublishers,1991. Huang,Ming.[黄鸣],孤独的狂欢《老人与海》的原型解构.河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(05). Huang,Yuansheng.[黄源生]译《老人与海（双语版）》.南京:译林出版社,2007. HuTiesheng,ElegantDemeanorunderHeavyPressure.Shanghai:ForeignLiteraturePress,1994. James,R.NotesonHemingwaysTheoldmanandthesea.Nebraska:DepartmentofEnglishUniversityofNebraska,1982. Joseph,D.TheHeroinHemingwaysShortStories.Pittsburgh:UniversityofPittsburgh,1963. Li,li.[李丽],AmericanHeroismIncarnatedinDifferentWays.成都理工大学广播电视学院,2012,611745. Li,Zhanquan.[李战权],试论永不言败的硬汉精神读《老人与海》有感.新西部(理论版),2012,(Z3). Liu,Xin.[刘鑫],《老人与海》精神力量的三位一体结构.齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003,(01). PhilipZimbardo.ThePsychologyofHeroism.NewYork:TwaynePublishers,2011. RobertP.Weeks.Hemingway:ACollectionofCriticalEssaysLifeandworks15May.2009:7-9. SelwynW.Becker.TheHeroismofWomenandMen.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2004. Sun,Chao.[孙霄],超越人类中心主义的三部美国文学经典文本重读.东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,(01). Wu,Lao.[吴劳],译《老人与海》.上海：上海译文出版社，2012. Yin,Yajiao.[殷亚娇],谈《老人与海》中的人物形象和斗争精神.文学界(理论版),2012,(12). Yuan,Qingfeng.[袁庆锋],个人主义的社会回归《老人与海》中海明威的创作思想探析.作家,2012,(10) Yu,Guangzhong.[余光中],译《老人与海》。北京：中国对外出版公司，2010.